The Lithuanian Slaughter of its Jews
The Testimonies from 121 Jewish survivors of the
Holocaust in Lithuania, recorded by Leyb Koniuchowsky,
in Displaced Persons’ camps (1946-48)
Translated into English by Dr Jonathan Boyarin
Book Compiled by David Solly Sandler
The Testimonies from 121 Jewish survivors of the
Holocaust in Lithuania, recorded by Leyb Koniuchowsky,
in Displaced Persons’ camps (1946-48)
Foreword
This book contains first-hand accounts from 121 Jewish survivors of the Holocaust in Lithuania, recorded by Leib Koniuchowsky in Displaced Persons’ camps from 1946 to 1948.
HISTORY
Grand Duke Vytautas the Great ruled Lithuania from 1386 to 1430. Early in his reign he granted Jews formal privileges, which formed the basis of the legal, political and economic structure of Lithuanian Jewry until the end of the eighteenth century.
More than five centuries after Vytautas, however, Jewish life in Lithuania was abruptly ended. Lithuanian Jews were slaughtered en masse in the second half of 1941.
HORRORS
The testimonies published here tell of the destruction of Jewish life in Lithuania. Perpetrators of the massacre, most of them Lithuanians, acted with enthusiasm and in many cases without help or supervision from the invading Germans.
The testimonies are not pleasant to read. They tell of the horrors and evils inflicted on Lithuanian Jews. Many echo the same pattern of degradation and slaughter: Lithuanians first attacked Jews morally and spiritually, imposing assorted humiliating labours, torture and other evils; then began their physical annihilation.
Armed bands of self-described “partisans” took control of Lithuanian towns as soon as the occupying Soviets left. Often, even before the Germans arrived, these bands started to terrorise and abuse the Jewish population: Partisans and others broke into Jewish homes and brazenly looted Jewish property. Jailings, torture, and summary executions began shortly afterward. First to be killed were Jews with Soviet connections; later, any perceived or invented offence could mean execution, or a Jew could be killed for no reason at all. Jews’ non-moveable possessions were claimed by their Lithuanian neighbors, particularly the partisans and their families.
In towns and villages, new civilian administrations suddenly emerged from underground with the German invasion. Lithuanian mayors, police chiefs and civil servants worked hand in hand with the partisans and a few Germans. These new governments often worked to extort money, jewellery and household goods from the Jews.
Jews were harassed and subjected to harsh decrees. They were forced to wear yellow armbands, forbidden to walk on sidewalks, barred from trading or even talking with non-Jews, and permitted to leave their houses only at certain times each day. Jews had to report for forced labour that in many cases was designed to be demeaning, harsh and degrading. Guarded by armed Lithuanians, they were constantly tormented, humiliated, beaten and starved.
Jews were forced to remove Torah scrolls and holy books from synagogues and study houses and burn them. Rabbis were humiliated, often having their beards cut or ripped off. Jewish women were frequently raped, and often tortured and killed afterward.
Within several weeks of the German invasion, most Jews were forced out of their homes and confined in small, closed areas, without food or water, and subject to constant harassment and torture as they were prepared for the final slaughter. Many died during this process. Often their former neighbors turned up to watch Jews being beaten and bludgeoned. In other cases, Jews were crowded into tiny ghettos in rundown areas. Hunger, thirst, and filth was common, and disease followed.
Eventually, the Jews were taken to pits dug in nearby forests to be shot. Amid the chaos of this organized slaughter, many were buried alive in the pits. At times partisans broke small children on their knees or bashed their heads on trees before throwing them, half dead, into a pit.
WHO COMMITTED CRIMES, AND WHO KNEW
From the 121 testimonies published here, it is clear that the slaughter of the Jews was widely known. Townsfolk saw Jews being confined, tortured, abused and taken away. Peasants with wagons at times helped to transport Jews and their property.
Besides that portion of the population that actively participated in the slaughter of the Jews, or engaged in torture or rape, many local people appropriated or “inherited” Jews’ houses. The same happened with household property, including the clothes Jews had to remove at the pits before they were murdered. Money and jewellery not taken by the Germans or by those in charge was extorted by townsfolk or rural people.
It was common for Jews to entrust their property to Lithuanian friends or neighbors, “until after the war.” The mass slaughter meant that most often, this property was never reclaimed. In some cases Lithuanians later betrayed Jews who tried to recover their property.
On the other side, there were Lithuanians who were honest, and who risked their own lives and the lives of their family members to help Jews. Today we salute, honour, and thank them. Moreover, it is important to recognize that contemporary Lithuanians are not guilty of the crimes of earlier generations.
Yet the current Lithuanian government, unlike the German government, is reluctant to take full responsibility for genocide committed on its territory. Indeed, some of the perpetrators have been honoured as heroes for resisting the Soviet occupation. They have commemorative plaques and streets named after them. None of these “heroes” were prosecuted when alive.
The extent of participation in the genocide of Jews and collaboration with Nazis is still downplayed in Lithuania and the current Lithuanian government is seeking to legislate their responsibility away. We hope that this attitude and honouring of criminals will change.
David Solly Sandler
IN MEMORY OF MY BELOVED
FATHER MAUSHE-JOSEPH KONIUCHOWSKY
MOTHER FRUME-LIBE KONIUCHOWSKY-DREJERMAN
Both shot September 10, 1941, together with the rest of
the Jews of Alytus ghetto by Lithuanian murderers
FOR MY DEAREST
SISTER SLOVE KONIUCHOWSKY (CHAZANOWITZ)
Died September 8, 1936 in Alytus
HER HUSBAND JAKOV CHAZANOWITZ
Shot at the end of 1941 in Alytus ghetto by Lithuanian murderers
BROTHER KOPL
Died in Israel October 29, 1974
BROTHER EPHROJIM
Died in Montevideo, Uruguay December 18, 1983
LEYB KONIUCHOWSKY
Leyb was the author and collector of these testamonies and a survivor of the Holocaust in Lithuania.
Leyb Koniuchowsky was born in Lithuania on 18 November 1910.
He graduated in 1928 from the Jewish Real Gymnasium in Vilkomir, and then studied civil engineering. He was an engineer by profession and resided in Kaunas (Kovno).
During the German occupation he lived in the Kaunas Ghetto and worked there until his escape.
He found shelter in a bunker at a farmer’s home where he remained until the liberation of Lithuania by the Red Army in 1944.
From 1944-46, he wandered through the war battered towns of Lithuania, collecting testimonies from the few Jews that survived.
The testimonies focus on the extermination of the Jews and the destruction of the local towns and villages. Koniuchowsky was meticulous about the accuracy and authenticity of the information in the testimonies, and even had the witnesses sign their testimonies. The testimonies include the names of thousands of victims of the Holocaust, the names of their murderers and those who had collaborated with the Germans.
Koniuchowsky continued to collect testimonies in She’erit Hapletah DP camps in Germany, where he lived for a few years.
From Germany he immigrated to the United States in 1951 and settled in New York, with help from the HIAS organization.
He lived in Israel between 1975 and 1982 and then later lived in Florida and passed away in 2003.
AKNOWLEDGEMENTS AND THANKS
Leyb Koniuchowsky’s foresight and diligence in collecting these testimonies deserves to be acknowledged, recognised and honoured. Hopefully this publication will help towards this.
The testimonies collected by Leyb have been in archives for decades and their publishing is long overdue. I have been honoured to have been given the opportunity to publish them and salute and thank Leyb Koniuchowsky for leaving this legacy for us and generations yet unborn.
The Lithuanian Slaughter of its Jews
Table of Contents
PAGE
FOREWORD 3
IN MEMORY OF 5
LEYB KONIUCHOWSKY 6
THE HISTORY OF THE JEWS IN LITHUANIA 11
THE SLAUGHTER OF THE JEWS 21
THE SLAUGHTER OF JEWS IN THE LITHUANIAN COUNTY SEAT TELZH (TELSHIAI) 22
Compound at Rainiai, Camp at Geruliai and Telzh Ghetto
Testamonies of Malke Gilis (nee Rabinovitz) and Khane Pelts
THE SLAUGHTER OF JEWS IN THE LITHUANIAN TOWN OF RIETAVAS 41
Vieshvenai Compound
Testimony of Yente Alter (nee Gershovitz)
THE SLAUGHTER OF JEWS IN THE TELZH COUNTY TOWNS: 51
Towns: Nevarenai, Varnai, Tverai, Zarenai, Liplauke and Alsedzhiai.
Camps: Vieshvenai and Geruliai
Testimony of Khane Golemba
THE SLAUGHTER OF THE JEWS OF LUOKE
62
Testimony of Dvoyre Zif
THE SLAUGHTER OF THE JEWS OF PLUNGYAN (PLUNGE) 66
The Geruliai Camp
Testimony of Mashe Rikhman
THE SLAUGHTER OF JEWS IN THE LITHUANIAN COUNTY SEAT RASEINIAI 70
The Biliūnai Compound
Testimonies of Dvoyre Lazarsky (nee Yankelevitsh), Frida Praz, Yeshayohu and Rivka Krom
THE SLAUGHTER OF THE JEWS OF THE SMALL LITHUANIAN TOWN SHIMKAITSIAI 93
Testimony of Yeshayohu Krom
THE SLAUGHTER OF THE JEWS OF KELM 95
Towns: Vaiguva and Padubisis and in the Shavl Ghetto
Testimonies of Yakov Zak and Khaye Roziene
THE SLAUGHTER OF JEWS IN THE LITHUANIAN TOWN JURBARKAS 116
Testimony of Khane Goldman (nee Magidovits)
THE SLAUGHTER OF JEWS IN THE SMALL LITHUANIAN TOWN VIDUKLE 125
Testimonies of Hirsh Hirshovits and Peshe Icikovits
THE SLAUGHTER OF JEWS IN THE LITHUANIAN TOWN OF KRAZHIAI 129
Testimony of Elke Flaks
THE SLAUGHTER OF JEWS IN THE LITHUANIAN TOWN OF TITOVENAI 135
Testimony of Bashe Bloch
THE SLAUGHTER OF JEWS IN THE LITHUANIAN TOWN OF STAKIAI 138
Testimony of Yitskhok and Zelda Feinshtein
THE SLAUGHTER OF JEWS IN MAZHEIKIAI COUNTY 146
Towns: Vekshniai, Tirkshliai, Seda, Zhidikai, Klikoliai, Vegerai, Mazheikiai and Akmene.
Testimony of Khonon Reif
THE GRUESOME SLAUGHTER OF THE JEWS OF KĖDAINIAI, SHETA AND ZHEIME 154
Testimonies of Moyshe Krost and Aba Lison
THE EXTERMINATION OF JEWS IN THE COUNTY SEAT TAWRIK (TAURAGE), LITHUANIA 162
Testimonies of Berl Gurvitz, Eliyohu Baykovitz, Frume Baykovitz, Dvoyre Fish, Ida Fish,
Dina Koropatkin, Miriam Kivelevitz and Rokhel Maler.
Supplementry testimony of Tobe Rosenshteyn-Gurvitz 173
THE SLAUGHTER OF THE JEWS OF ERZHVILIK (ERZVILKAS) 177
Testimonies of Khayem Goldshteyn and Menukhe Goldshteyn
THE SLAUGHTER OF THE JEWS .IN THE TOWN OF LAUKUVA 190
Testimony of Josef Aranovitz
THE SLAUGHTER OF THE JEWS OF LAUKUVA AND SHILALE 194
Testimony of Lea Szapiro-Rudnik
THE SLAUGHTER OF THE JEWS OF PAJURIS 200
Testimony of Peshe Meltsner
THE SLAUGHTER OF THE JEWS IN UPYNAS (UPYNAS), BOTIK (BATAKIAI) AND SKAUDVILE 202
Testimony of Peshe Meltsner
THE SLAUGHTER OF JEWS IN THE SMALL LITHUANIAN TOWN KOLTINAN (KALTINENAI) 209
Testimony of Sender Linkimer
THE SLAUGHTER OF THE JEWS OF SHVEKSHNE (SVEKSNA) 212
Testimonies of Moyshe Ment, Naftoli Ziv, Mayer Shmulovitz and Yitskhok Markushevitz
THE SLAUGHTER OF THE JEWS OF KHVEIDAN (KVEDARNA) 217
Testimonies of Motl Druzin, Gershon Yung, Berl Levit, Khayem Nadl, Roze Rakhmil and
Rosa Rachmil.
THE SLAUGHTER OF THE JEWS OF NAY-SHTOT 223
Testimonies of Henekh Elert, Azriel Glukh and Leyzer Gold
THE SLAUGHTER OF THE JEWS OF VAINUTA (VAINUTAS) 227
Testimonies of Yitskhok Markus and Yakov-Mendl
THE SLAUGHTER OF THE JEWS OF VERZHAN (VEIVIRZHENAI) 234
Testimonies of Shimen and Yoysef Shlomovitz
THE SLAUGHTER OF THE JEWS IN JONISHKIS 237
Testimony of Efroyim Veinpres
THE SLAUGHTER OF THE JEWS IN THE LITHUANIAN TOWN OF ANYKSHTSIAI 240
Testimonies of Golde Yed and Zalmen and Galya Bregman
THE SLAUGHTER OF THE JEWS IN KRUONIS, PAKUONIS AND DARSHUNISHKIS 246
Testimony of Yosef Gar
THE SLAUGHTER OF JEWS IN THE SMALL TOWN OF RUMSHISHKES 249
Testamony of Khane Shuster
THE SLAUGHTER OF JEWS IN ZAPYSHKIS AND KRUKIAI 252
Testimonies of Shakhne, Yerakhmiel, Yitzkhok and Nosn Volk.
THE SLAUGHTER OF THE JEWS OF VILKIJA (1 and 2) 256
Testimonies of Moyshe Karnovsky and Rokhel Gempl
THE SLAUGHTER OF THE JEWS IN VENDZHIOGALA AND BABTAI (1 and 2) 261
Testimony of Abe Lison and Sheyne Nozhikov
THE SLAUGHTER OF JEWS IN THE LITHUANIAN TOWN OF JONAVA (1 and 2) 266
Testimony of Shloyme Katsas and Gershon Reybshteyn
THE SLAUGHTER OF JEWS IN TOWNS IN THE VILNIUS REGION: 274
Towns: Pabershe, Maishiogala, Rieshe, Suderwe, Dukshtas, and Jerusalimka.
Testimony of Khyene Katsev (Izrailsky)
THE SLAUGHTER OF JEWS IN RIESHE 283
Testimony of Khyene Fridberg-Mindes
THE SLAUGHTER OF JEWS IN MAISHIOGALA (1 and 2) 285
Testimony of Moyshe Fridberg and Dovid Rudnik
THE SLAUGHTER OF THE JEWS IN THE TOWN OF VALKININKAI 293
Testimony of Leyzer Goldman
THE SLAUGHTER OF THE JEWS IN THE TOWN OF NEMENTZINE (1, 2 and 3) 296
Testimony of Sore Eynbinder, Yekusiel Gordon and Avrom Daytz
THE SLAUGHTER OF THE JEWS IN THE COUNTY OF SHVENTZIONYS (1, 2 and 3) 313
The county includes: Ignalina, Tveritzius, Tzeikinia, Malagenai, Adutishkis, Kaltinenai,
Shventzioneliai, Daugilishkis, Stajatzishkis, Padbrade, Shventzionys and smaller settlements.
The Slaughter of the Jews in Lentupis and at Ponari and the Liquidation of the Vidz Ghetto
Testimony of Dr Binyomin Taraseysky, Yankl Levin, Avrom Taytz and Fruma Hochmann
THE SHVENTZIONYS GHETTO Testimony of Shimen Bushkanetz and Khaye Ginzberg 357
THE SLAUGHTER OF THE JEWS OF SHVENTZIONELIAI (1 and 2) 360
Testimonies of Fayve Khayet and his wife Rokhl Khayet-Kramnik
THE SLAUGHTER OF THE JEWS OF IGNALINA 370
Labor Camp: Padbardeand Dukshtas and Vidz Ghetto
Testimony of Tevye Solomyak
THE SLAUGHTER OF THE JEWS OF DAUGELISHKIS 387
Testimony of Dvoyre Kuritzky-Solomyak
THE SLAUGHTER OF THE JEWS OF PADBRADE 393
Collective testimonies of Yisroel and Feygl Bavarsky
THE SLAUGHTER OF THE JEWS OF ADUTISHKIS 400
Testimony of Mikhoel Potashnik
THE SLAUGHTER OF THE JEWS OF STAJATZISHKIS 410
Testimonies of Zalmen Yofe and Reyzl Yofe-Gantovnik
THE SLAUGHTER OF THE JEWS OF LENTUPIS 418
Testimony of Moyshe Gilinsky
THE SLAUGHTER OF THE JEWS OF TZEIKINIAI 422
Testimonies of Zelik Gilinsky and Khasye Gilinsky
THE SLAUGHTER OF THE JEWS OF TZVERETZIUS 427
Testimony of Shmuel Yisroel Reykhl
THE WORK CAMPS IN HEIDEKRUG (SILUTE) IN MEMEL (KLEIPEDA) COUNTY 429
Work camps: Mactubern, Silwen, Piktaten, Versmininken, Varus, Rusne, Kalwelischken
and Heidekrug.
Concentration camps Auschwitz, Warsaw and Dachau,
Birkenau Extermination Camp and Warsaw Ghetto
Testimonies of Shimen Shlomovitz, Yoysef Shlomovitz, Yoysef Aranovitz, Sender Linkimer,
Berl Levit, Gershon Yung, Motl Druzin, Naftoli Ziv, Moyshe Ment, Gutman Shayovitz, Zev Ment,
Gutman Shayovitz, Zev Ment, Binyomin Lapin, Heyne Elert and Yitskhok Markus
THE HEROIC RESISTANCE AND LIQUIDATION OF THE JEWS OF MARCINKONIS 465
Testimonies of Khane Gorfing, Leyb Kobrovsky, Khayim Kobrovsky and Shloyme Peretz.
MASS SHOOTINGS OF JEWS IN THE SEVENTH FORT KOVNO 497
Testimonies of Khasye Khodash and Peshe Kagan
THE SLAUGHTER OF JEWS IN ANYKSHTSIAI 520
Testimony of Motl Kuritsky
EVENTS DURING THE OCCUPATION OF GRODNO AND KOVNO 555
GERMAN OFFICERS AND JEWISH FURS Testimony of Yitskhok Kobrovsky
A HORSE SLIPPED
To purchase, contact David Sandler:
sedsand@iinet.net.au
